Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Performance Evaluation and Adaptability of Improved Faba Bean (Vicia Faba L.) Varieties in the Highlands of North Shewa Zone, Oromia

Received: 19 February 2024     Accepted: 12 March 2024     Published: 2 April 2024
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Abstract

Field experiment was conducted at Degam, H/Abote, D/Libanos, Jida and Wachale districts of North Shewa Zone, Oromia region, Central Ethiopia with the objectives of evaluating adaptable and best yield performing improved Faba bean varieties for further demonstration and scaling up during the main cropping season of 2020, 2021 and 2022. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In the experiment, thirteen improved faba bean varieties and one local control were used to evaluate their performance. Parameters like seed yield (qt/ha), 1000 seed weight in gram, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, plant height (cm) were measured to assess the actual field performances of different faba bean varieties. The data were analyzed by R software. Grain yield and most of yield components were significantly affected by main effect of variety, environment and interaction of variety and environment. The results revealed that there were significant (P < 0.01) variations between the varieties for yield. Higher yield was recorded on Welki and Ashebeka varieties while low yield was recorded from Tosha and Shalo. In addition the stability analysis indicated that as the mean of grain yield is more stable across locations as compared to other variety. Also, in this study it was found that there is 24.5 % and 19.1% increment of yield using of Welki and Ashebeka variety respectively as compared to local variety at the study area. Therefore, farmers located at the study area are recommended to use those varieties to increase faba bean production yield.

Published in American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajls.20241202.11
Page(s) 24-32
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Adaptability, Faba Bean, GGE Biplot, Stability and Varieties

1. Introduction
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a cool-season crop and grown worldwide as a grain and green-manure legume . It is the first largest produced food legume globally . Ethiopia is the second largest producer of faba beans in the world next to China. Also it is the most important food legume crop both in area coverage and volume of annual production in Ethiopia . Nationally about 511,908.4 ha of land were covered annually by faba bean and 3,682,512 smallholder farmers were engaged in growing the crop . Faba bean is a multi-purpose legume and a leading protein source for the rural people in Ethiopia . As a potential rotational crop, it plays an important role in soil fertility improvement through nitrogen fixation . Moreover, the crop improves soil fertility as it fixes atmospheric nitrogen in large quantities and leaves a lot of N-related yield effect via its large biomass to subsequent crops . Also, it serves as a source of foreign currency for the country .
Despite its huge importance and area coverage, the productivity of faba bean is about 2.1 tons ha-1 , far below the potential of the crop which reached approximately 5.2 tons ha-1. This might probably be attributed to different biotic and abiotic factors. Of which the use of old and low yielding local cultivars and unavailability of high yielder improved varieties and the newly emerged faba bean gall disease that causes up to complete crop failure in susceptible cultivars and under conducive prevailing conditions were the most important factors.
Over the years, a number of faba bean varieties have been evaluated and released by national and regional agricultural research centers. However, farmers do not grow improved varieties which are high yielding, disease and pest resistance as these varieties were released without the participation of farmers in considered belts of crop commodity producing areas. And also, they have no sufficient information about agronomic practices and economic importance of the released faba bean varieties
Therefore, this research experiments was conducted with the following objectives;
1. To test the adaptability of improved Faba bean varieties in central highlands of Ethiopia
2. To recommend the best performing improved Faba bean varieties for further demonstration and scaling up technology dissemination system
2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Description of Experimental Areas

The experiment was conducted in North Shewa Zone Oromia, during the main cropping season of 2020- 2022 for three consecutive years under four locations of North Shewa Zone, Oromia. The locations were Degam, Hidebu Abote, Debra Libanos, Wachale and Jida district. The capital town of zone Fitche is located about 112km far from the capital city Addis Ababa to the Northern part of country.

2.2. Experimental Materials, Design and Field Management

Thirteen improved released faba bean varieties and one local check variety was used to test adaptability and stability of varieties at representatively selected area. The treatments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each variety was planted on a plot size of 9.6 m2 with 40 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants. All other recommended agronomic practices were applied uniformly in all experimental plots.
Table 1. Description of tested Varieties.

Variety

Pedigree

Seed Size

Year of Release

Adaptation area(m.a.s.l)

Breeder/Maintainer

Shallo

EH011-22-1

Small

2000

2300-2800

SARC

Walki

EH96049-2

Medium

2008

1800-2800

HARC

Dosha

Coll 155/00-3

Medium

2009

1900-2800

HARC

Tumsa

EH99051-3

Large

2010

2050-2800

HARC

Gora

EK 01024-1-2

Large

2013

1900-2800

KARC

Mosisa

EH99047-1

Medium

2013

2300-2800

SARC

Didea

EH01048-1

Large

2014

1800-2800

HARC

Alloshe

EH03043-1

Medium

2017

2300-2800

SARC

Dagim

Grarjarso 89-8

Small

2002

1900-2800

HARC

Ashebeka

EH010755-4

Large

2015

1900-2800

KARC

Tosha

EH00021-1

Medium

2019

2300-2600

SARC

Moybon

EH011088-3

Large

2019

2300-2600

SARC

Hachalu

EH00102-4-1

Medium

2010

2100-2800

HARC

Local

Small

Source: Crop Variety Register

2.3. Data Collected

Data were collected both on a plot and plant basis. The four central rows were used for data collection based on plots, for grain yield (kg/ha). Three plants from the central rows were randomly selected for the data collection on a plant basis and the averages of the three plants in each experimental plot were used for statistical analysis for traits such as plant height, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod and number of seeds/plant and hundred seed weight.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each location was done. Variance homogeneity was tested and combined analysis of variance was performed using the linear mixed model (PROC ANOVA) procedure to partition the total variation into components due to genotype/variety (G), environment (E) and G x E interaction effects. Genotype/Variety was treated as a fixed effect and environment as a random effect. Comparison of varietal means was done using Protected Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) at the 5% probability level using R software (4.2.2 Version). The graphical approach to assess performance and stability concurrently also undertaken on the physiological basis of yield stability according to the mean Coefficient of variability analysis introduced by Francis (1977).

2.5. GGE Biplot and AMMI Stability Analysis

The GGE biplot was used to evaluate the test environments. An environment is considered ideal for genotype testing when it discriminates the genotypes and represents the environments . The presence of correlation between two environments means that similar information about the genotype performance is derived from them and therefore could be an option to reduce the number of test environments and, as a result, to establish a cost-effective breeding program.In addition, GGE biplot is an effective visual tool for identifying the mega-environment issues and showing the specific adaptation of the genotypes and which cultivar won in which environments . A mega-environment is defined as a group of locations that consistently share the same best cultivar(s) .
3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Combined Analysis of Variance

The analysis of variance for the measured traits of the tested varieties showed there were significant differences (P<0.01) for both main effect of variety and locations in all parameters. However, the interaction of variety and location showed significant difference (P<0.01) only on days to physiological maturity and grain yield where as non-significant for pod per plant, seed per plant, plant height and hundred seed weight parameters (Table 2). Hence, the parameters were varying among varieties over locations. The observed differences among the varieties could be due to variation in the genetic makeup of these varieties and influence of environmental factors. On the other hand, means of the interactive effects of variety by Location was significant only for days to physiological maturity and grain yield (Table 2).
Table 2. Mean square values of agronomic characters of faba bean varieties from combined analysis of variance over Location.

Source of Variation

Mean squares

Df

DM

PPP

SPP

Pht

GY

HSW

Variety

13

30.2***

144.6***

1106***

349**

1579966***

4429.3***

Location

5

8856.7***

1077.9***

4937***

21878***

30805344***

914.9***

Variety* Location

65

34.3***

20.2NS

109NS

139NS

1270643***

101.8

Residuals

83

9.3

20.9

115

126

337894

88.8

Keys: DM = Days maturity, PPP = Number of pods per plant, SPP = Number of seeds per pods, Pht = Plant height, GY = Grain yield, HSW = Hundred seed weight; *=significant at 5% probability level, **= significant at 1% probability level, NS = non-significant

3.2. Estimate Analysis of Variance Components

According to the results of combined ANOVA for grain yield the environments, genotypes, G x E interaction, error and replication within locations contributed 33.1%, 6.12%, 18.31%, 28.0% and 0.2 %, respectively (Table 3) of the total sum of squares. The environmental main effect accounted higher from the total variation in grain yield. This indicated the test environments were highly variable and large differences among the test environments on the yield performance of faba bean varieties. The previous report on faba bean in Ethiopia also indicated that the environmental effect accounted for the largest part of the total variation . On the other hand, genotype and G x E interaction effects accounted lower from the total variation in grain yield. This study clearly showed that the environments were distinct, and the genotypes responded differently to the different environments in terms of grain yield. The G x E interaction effects was also observed to be cross-over type for grain yield. Previous reports also showed that tremendous levels of G x E interaction effects exist in faba bean in the different environments in Ethiopia .
Table 3. Combined analysis of variance for grain yield (kg ha-1) of 14 faba bean varieties across six locations during 2020-2022 main cropping season.

Source

Df

SS

MS

Ex.SS %

Pr(>F)

Environments

4

119882855.4

29970714**

33.1

< 0.001

Rep(Environments)

10

628842.3

62884.23

0.2

1.00

Genotype

13

22178421.8

1706032**

6.12

<0.001

Genotype: Environment

52

66073415.9

1270643**

18.24

< 0.001

PC1

16

39640773.8

2477548**

-

<0.001

PC2

14

7510037.8

536431.3

-

0549

PC3

12

3112051.2

259337.6

-

0.945

PC4

10

1686184

168618.4

-

0.983

Residuals

172

101436658.8

589748

28.01

Total

303

362149240.9

1195212

Keys: DF=degree of freedom, SS=sum of squares, MS=mean squares, EX. SS%=Explained Sum of square, PC=Principal Component Axis, ** = highly significant at the level of 1% probability, ns = non-significant

3.3. Performances of Agronomic Yield Components

There was significant variation (P < 0.01) in yield components among the faba bean varieties in the combined analysis over location (Table 4) at all sites. The interaction of variety with location also significantly affected days to physiological maturity and grain yield in the combined analysis. Among the tested varieties the ‘Ashebeka’ followed by ‘Hachalu’ delay in maturity at 145.9 and 144.3 days where as variety ‘Aloshe’ matured early at 140.1 days respectively (Table 4). The highest number of pods per plant (20.1, 19.4) were scored on variety ‘Dagim’ which is followed by ‘Local’ variety and number of seeds per pod(51.6) also scored on Dagim variety where as lowest was recorded on ‘Tosha’ variety for both parameters (Table 4). This variation could be due to genetic inherent of those improved faba bean varieties produced more number of pods per plant and seeds per plant. This result is similar with the report of previous studies .
Seed weight of these varieties ranged from 32.1 to 84.5g. Variety Ashebeka produced the highest hundred seed weight (84.5g) whereas; the local check was recorded for the smallest hundred seed weight (32.1g) (Table 4). The observed differences in hundred seed weight might be due to inherent genetic differences among the varieties which enhance the grain filling of crops and thereby results to large seed size. This is in line with the report of who reported the highest hundred seed weight of variety Tumsa among the varieties they tested which is one of large size type.
Table 4. Mean of yield components and yield of Faba bean crop at different location of North Shewa Zone, Oromia during main cropping season.

Variety

DM

PPP

SPP

Pht

GY

HSW

Welki

142.1b-e

14.9b

35.1b

110.2ab

3087.74a

52.6e

Ashebeka

145.9a

12.9b-e

30.9b-e

114.6a

2952.41ab

84.5a

Gora

143.2b-d

10.9de

26.6de

107.9a-c

2763.65cd

79.6a

Didea

143.1b-d

14.3bc

34.7b

109.6ab

2682.48d

70.8bc

Dosha

141.0de

14.9b

33.9bc

105.4bc

2861.64bc

67.8b-d

Tumsa

141.6c-e

12.6b-e

26.8de

106.8bc

2523.05e

71.5b

Mosisa

141.4c-e

13.8b-d

29.4b-e

105.6bc

2508.84e

64.6cd

Hachalu

144.3ab

14.0bc

32.9b-d

110.6ab

2469.35ef

63.7d

Local

142.8b-d

19.4a

45.6a

101.8cd

2479.15ef

32.1f

Dagim

143.8a-c

20.1a

51.6a

104.4bc

2392.64ef

33.8f

Moybon

141.3de

11.5c-e

25.0e

102.0cd

2341.16f

82.7a

Aloshe

140.1e

12.8b-e

28.1b-e

106.7bc

2329.29f

63.6d

Shalo

141.1de

12.5b-e

27.6c-e

104.3bc

2059.77g

64.0d

Tosha

141.2de

10.1e

24.2e

96.9d

2047.76g

66.5b-d

LSD (5%)

2.47

3

7.06

7.38

152.45

6.2

CV (%)

2.15

22.84

23.19

10.56

9.14

14.7

Keys: DM = Days maturity, PPP = Number of pods per plant, SPP = Number of seeds per pods, Pht = Plant height, GY = Grain yield, HSW = Hundred seed weight, LSD0.05=Least significant difference at 5% level, CV=Coefficient of variation and Column sharing the same letter/s are non significant.

3.4. Performances of Faba Bean Grain Yield Across Environments

The significant interaction effect suggests that grain yield of varieties varied across the tested environments. Thus, the highest mean grain yield was exhibited by the variety Welki (3087.74 kg ha-1) followed by Ashebeka with mean grain yield of 2952.41 kg ha-1. The change in yield performance with environments among varieties was also reported by in faba bean crop. Among the locations, the grain yield varied from 1059.2 kg ha-1 at Debra Libanos to 5324.6 kg ha-1 at Degam. The mean grain yield averaged over locations and varieties was 2535.64 kg ha-1 (Table 5). A large yield variation between locations indicated that the environments were diverse, whereby some of environments were favorable for faba bean varieties to produce high yield. On the other hand, genetic variability of individual crops contribute high role for interacting differently in each environments for yield traits and yield of crops. This is in line with the finding of who reported the highest (3.35 tons ha-1) grain yield was recorded by Welki variety among the varieties they tested. Although from the experiment implemented over locations the calculation result revealed that there was about 24.5 % and 19.1% increment of yield using of Welki and Ashebeka variety respectively as compared to local variety at the study area.
Table 5. Combined Mean of Faba bean Grain Yield at different location of North Shewa Zone, Oromia.

Varieties

Mean Grain Yield (kg/ha)

Combined Mean of GY(Kg/ha)

Yield Adv.(%)

2020

2021

2022

Degam

H/Abote

D/Libanos

Degam

Wachale

Jida

Welki

4899.9a

2085.2gh

2987.4e

4929.2b

1586.1ef

2038.6b

3087.74a

24.5

Local

3611.9b

2367.5cd

1324.6j

3703.9f

1834cd

2032.1b

2479.15ef

0

Dosha

3590.2b

2399.6c

1102.6k

5324.6a

1646.3ef

3106.5a

2763.65cd

15.4

Mosisa

3034.7c

2259.2de

1930.4h

4832.2b

1397.4g

1599.2b

2508.84e

1.2

Aloshe

2618.5d

2252.2d-f

1371.4j

4388.7c

1479.1fg

1865.8b

2329.29f

-6.1

Shallo

2533.5de

1666.9i

1059.2k

4402.5c

1098.8h

1597.6b

2059.77g

-16.9

Hachalu

2398.5ef

2197.0e-g

2288.7g

4095.5de

2119.0b

1717.4b

2469.35ef

-0.4

Moybon

2271.0fg

2133.9f-h

2206.3g

4220.8cd

1528.9e-g

1686.0b

2341.16f

-5.6

Ashebeka

2129.4g

2841.5b

3923.5a

4204.7cd

2863.9a

1751.5b

2952.41ab

19.1

Tosha

1915.5h

1430.9j

1759.7i

4376.6c

1364.3bc

1439.6b

2047.76g

-17.4

Dagim

1776.0hi

2016.0h

3274.5d

3848.2ef

1688.9de

1752.3b

2392.64efab

-3.5

Tumsa

1761.1i

2359.7cd

2772.0f

4356.3cd

1673.9de

2215.3b

2523.05e

1.7

Gora

1567.2j

2809.4b

3419.2c

4849.4b

2153.7b

1782.9b

2763.65cd

11.4

Didea

1076.7k

3140.4a

3612.1b

4287.8cd

1910.1c

2067.9b

2682.48d

8.2

Mean

2513.2

2282.8

2359.4

4415.7

1738.9

1903.8

2535.64

LSD (5%)

151.7

122.8

109.1

268.9

172.9

865.2

152.45

CV (%)

3.6

3.2

2.8

3.6

5.9

27.2

9.14

Keys: GY = Grain yield, LSD0.05=Least significant difference at 5% level, CV=Coefficient of variation and Column sharing the same letter/s are non- significant.

3.5. GGE Biplot and Stability Analysis

GGE Biplot provides a summary of the relationship between test environments. Two environments are positively correlated if the angle between their vectors is less than 900 . Based on this, the grain yield biplot (Figure 1) showed positive and high correlation between H/Abote, Wachale and D/Libanos as well as Degam and Jida districts.
As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, mean stability and ranking varieties (with biplot total 83.89%) relative to the ideal variety is the use of GGE biplot. Varieties found in the center of a concentric circle on the average environments are stable. Therefore, Ashebeka, Welki and Gora are the ideal genotypes (of which both stable and high yielders) that were found near to the concentric circle.
Figure 1. GGE Biplot Analysis for grain yield of Faba bean Varieties.
Figure 2. Stability Analysis for grain yield of Faba bean Varieties.

3.6. Performances of Tested Varieties across Locations

Figure 3. Performance ranking of Faba bean Varieties.
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
Evaluation of varieties for adaptation is a fast truck strategic approach to develop and promote agricultural technology. Based on the specific and wider adaptability the tested varieties were selected. Generally, from this study Welki and Ashebeka were most stable better yielding performance, above the grand mean and recommended for wider production in the tested environments and similar agro ecologies of the region. Whereas variety, Didea is selected as it had high specific adaptation to environments of H/Abote.
Abbreviations
ANOVA: Analysis of Variance
GGE: Genotype, Genotype by Environment interaction
GxE: Genotype by Environment
LSD: Least Significant Difference
PC: Principal Component
RCBD: Randomized Complete Block Design
Authors Contribution
Abreham Feyisa Bedada: Research implementation, Data collection, curation, analyze and interprete the research results, revise and edit the paper.
Gashaw Sefara Bedada: conceptualization, designed the experiment, implementation, data curation, revise and edit the paper.
Name Kinati Firisa: implementation, data collection, curation, revise and edit the paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors highly acknowledged Oromia Agricultural Research Institute for funding experimental research budget. The authors also extend their gratitude acknowledgment to Fitche Agricultural Research Center for its financial support and providing working facility. The authors also express their special thanks to all staff members of the Pulse and oil seed crops research team for their unreserved assistance in setting up, planting, collecting the data and maintaining the field experiments.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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    Bedada, A. F., Bedada, G. S., Firisa, N. K. (2024). Performance Evaluation and Adaptability of Improved Faba Bean (Vicia Faba L.) Varieties in the Highlands of North Shewa Zone, Oromia. American Journal of Life Sciences, 12(2), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20241202.11

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    Bedada, A. F.; Bedada, G. S.; Firisa, N. K. Performance Evaluation and Adaptability of Improved Faba Bean (Vicia Faba L.) Varieties in the Highlands of North Shewa Zone, Oromia. Am. J. Life Sci. 2024, 12(2), 24-32. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20241202.11

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    Bedada AF, Bedada GS, Firisa NK. Performance Evaluation and Adaptability of Improved Faba Bean (Vicia Faba L.) Varieties in the Highlands of North Shewa Zone, Oromia. Am J Life Sci. 2024;12(2):24-32. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20241202.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajls.20241202.11,
      author = {Abreham Feyisa Bedada and Gashaw Sefara Bedada and Name Kinati Firisa},
      title = {Performance Evaluation and Adaptability of Improved Faba Bean (Vicia Faba L.) Varieties in the Highlands of North Shewa Zone, Oromia
    },
      journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
      volume = {12},
      number = {2},
      pages = {24-32},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.20241202.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20241202.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20241202.11},
      abstract = {Field experiment was conducted at Degam, H/Abote, D/Libanos, Jida and Wachale districts of North Shewa Zone, Oromia region, Central Ethiopia with the objectives of evaluating adaptable and best yield performing improved Faba bean varieties for further demonstration and scaling up during the main cropping season of 2020, 2021 and 2022. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In the experiment, thirteen improved faba bean varieties and one local control were used to evaluate their performance. Parameters like seed yield (qt/ha), 1000 seed weight in gram, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, plant height (cm) were measured to assess the actual field performances of different faba bean varieties. The data were analyzed by R software. Grain yield and most of yield components were significantly affected by main effect of variety, environment and interaction of variety and environment. The results revealed that there were significant (P < 0.01) variations between the varieties for yield. Higher yield was recorded on Welki and Ashebeka varieties while low yield was recorded from Tosha and Shalo. In addition the stability analysis indicated that as the mean of grain yield is more stable across locations as compared to other variety. Also, in this study it was found that there is 24.5 % and 19.1% increment of yield using of Welki and Ashebeka variety respectively as compared to local variety at the study area. Therefore, farmers located at the study area are recommended to use those varieties to increase faba bean production yield.
    },
     year = {2024}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Performance Evaluation and Adaptability of Improved Faba Bean (Vicia Faba L.) Varieties in the Highlands of North Shewa Zone, Oromia
    
    AU  - Abreham Feyisa Bedada
    AU  - Gashaw Sefara Bedada
    AU  - Name Kinati Firisa
    Y1  - 2024/04/02
    PY  - 2024
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20241202.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajls.20241202.11
    T2  - American Journal of Life Sciences
    JF  - American Journal of Life Sciences
    JO  - American Journal of Life Sciences
    SP  - 24
    EP  - 32
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5737
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20241202.11
    AB  - Field experiment was conducted at Degam, H/Abote, D/Libanos, Jida and Wachale districts of North Shewa Zone, Oromia region, Central Ethiopia with the objectives of evaluating adaptable and best yield performing improved Faba bean varieties for further demonstration and scaling up during the main cropping season of 2020, 2021 and 2022. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In the experiment, thirteen improved faba bean varieties and one local control were used to evaluate their performance. Parameters like seed yield (qt/ha), 1000 seed weight in gram, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, plant height (cm) were measured to assess the actual field performances of different faba bean varieties. The data were analyzed by R software. Grain yield and most of yield components were significantly affected by main effect of variety, environment and interaction of variety and environment. The results revealed that there were significant (P < 0.01) variations between the varieties for yield. Higher yield was recorded on Welki and Ashebeka varieties while low yield was recorded from Tosha and Shalo. In addition the stability analysis indicated that as the mean of grain yield is more stable across locations as compared to other variety. Also, in this study it was found that there is 24.5 % and 19.1% increment of yield using of Welki and Ashebeka variety respectively as compared to local variety at the study area. Therefore, farmers located at the study area are recommended to use those varieties to increase faba bean production yield.
    
    VL  - 12
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Fitche Agricultural Research Center, Fitche, Ethiopia

  • Fitche Agricultural Research Center, Fitche, Ethiopia

  • Fitche Agricultural Research Center, Fitche, Ethiopia

  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • Document Sections

    1. 1. Introduction
    2. 2. Materials and Methods
    3. 3. Results and Discussion
    4. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations
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  • Abbreviations
  • Authors Contribution
  • Acknowledgments
  • Conflicts of Interest
  • References
  • Cite This Article
  • Author Information